Executive indecision: pronunciation teaching overthink and attention management

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Clker.com

An essential problem in contemporary pronunciation teaching with adults (as opposed to children) is that it entails both highly "physical" and "cognitive" engagement. I think it is safe to say that most methods, as evident either explicitly or implicitly in available textbooks, leave the question unresolved by presenting both type of exercises and explanations--and letting the instructor and learner figure out how much of what to do when. 

Intuitively, we understand that too much analysis, explanation--or worry--probably does not help all that much in being able to learn how to pronounce or remember a sound or word. I have often poked fun at what I term the "hyper-cogs" in the field who overemphasize meta-cognitive side of instruction, that is insight, planning and explanation at the cost of sufficient attention to the physical side of the process. 

Now comes a fascinating study by Grafton of UC Santa Barbara and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania and Johns Hopkins University (summarized by ScienceDaily.com--see full citation below) that identifies the culprit: excessive activity in the frontal and the anterior cingulate cortices of the brain.

In essence what the study demonstrated was that those subjects who learned a task involving identifying patterns and responding by pushing a button FASTEST had significantly less "activity" in those areas of the brain responsible for executive functions, managing thought and critical functions. (Recall that Asher's initial interest in Total Physical Response teaching of language was based on the concept that faster learning was generally more successful as well.) 

There could, of course, be a number of reasons for that finding which probably involves overall mental functioning, but the implication for instruction is interesting: More efficient teaching and learning of skills that involve physical patterning, such as pronunciation, should consider carefully the balance of attention to executive functions (conscious analysis and explanation) and embodied training (kinaesthetic, somatic and tactile involvement). 

Probably the answer for us lies in understanding better the changing qualities of attention (awareness) in the sequential tasks of ongoing, moment-by-moment pronunciation instruction.  From our perspective, haptic work involves almost continuous attention to and monitoring of what bodies are doing during the lesson. Think of that as the baseline that explanation and reflection are then "added on to" and you'll be on the right track. 

Record one of your classes or segments of one and review it from that perspective. And, of course, keep in touch. 

Citation:

University of California - Santa Barbara. (2015, April 6). The brain game: How decreased neural activity may help you learn faster. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 8, 2015 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150406121348.htm

Washing your hands (of/during) pronunciation teaching

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This one is too much fun to pass up. Three (female) researchers, Lapinski of Michigan State University, Maloney of University of Pennsylvania, Braz of Westchester University, and Shulman of North Central College did this study at Michigan State University of male hand washing behaviour in campus men's restrooms. What they found was that if you put up a good poster showing a guy how to and accompanying note that 4 or 5 of them do wash their hands . . . and then watch them after they read the sign . . . you find that hand washing goes up nearly 10%. (The summary in Science Daily doesn't indicate the gender of the wash room observers, actually. That certainly COULD be a factor here!) They then go on to extoll the potential benefits to public health. Interesting.

In several previous posts there have been references to hand sensitivity in haptic work. (I often use an aromatic mint-based hand cream, especially in working with small groups or individuals--and almost always in training workshops.) Clearly, in our work being able to attend closely to the felt sense of the haptic anchor (hands touching each other or some part of the body on a stress syllable)--for about 3 seconds according to research-- is highly advantageous. I have tried any number of "treatments" over the years from lotions to lofa. All seem to work, at least temporarily. (Speaking of "temporarily," check out this recent article by Asher on why TPR works and why Rosetta Stone may not for long.)

Need a hand in keeping your pronunciation work "awash" with attention and engagement? You might try a poster . . . or just go check to make sure that at least the boys have washed their hands before class. 

Excellent audio-aural-only pronunciation learning? Really?

Yes. Have been meaning to do this post for some time now. Perhaps the best known of the audio-media based programs is the Pimsleur Method, which is basically audio recordings that learners hear, repeat after and respond to. (There is more involved, of course, but the essential learning mechanism is straight, non-visual, (non-haptic!) engagement.)

So, given what this blog is about, how could that be possible? Simple. There are some learners for whom that is perfect, and, as in the Pimsleur approach, it (oral/aural competence) can be done exceedingly well, scaffolding in material and delivered in voices that--for many reasons--seem to "stick" in the brain of the learner. Pimsleur, like Asher (TPR), was first focused on the mechanisms of memory: optimal content, timing and voice delivery parameters.

What is of particular interest in HICP is the latter, the impact of the felt sense of the voice, both the learner's and the instructor's in anchoring in memory. One of my favorite models in that regard has always been that in the book, My voice will go with you, a compilation of the therapeutic/teaching stories of the great hypnotherapist, Milton Erickson. As in any memorable song, speech, sermon, comment or conversation, a great voice with perfect timing can deliver a message that you (almost) never forget. Just takes a little more lesson planning . . . Hear what I'm saying?

Asher's (TPR) hypothesis: pointing to a solution for "r" and "l" pronunciation

Here is a nice review/critique of a 2002 article by McClelland done in 2007 by James Asher ("Godfather" of the Total Physical Response Teaching Approach.) Asher's work was among the most influential in forming my understanding of the role of the body and brain in instruction. What he proposes, using basic TPR methodology (If you are not up to speed on that, check here.), is that a series of commands be used to have learners point to objects or pictures of objects in the visual field that have the r/l distinction as critical to understanding--after the command is given. For example, locket, rocket, rhyme, lime, liver, river, etc.

Clip art: Clker

Clip art: Clker

He is challenging readers to try that experiment. I assume his idea has been taken up and tried but I can find no published research as to the outcomes. The HICP/EHIEP version of that idea might be to first follow Asher's protocol and then "finish" with haptic-integrated anchoring of the word, probably using the pedagogical movement pattern (PMP) for 'r' or 'l' (See earlier posts for a description of how that is performed.) Asher is (as always) clearly pointing in the right direction!

TPR (Tempered, Pre-fontal cortex Regulation) Pronunciation

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I'm often asked how HICP/EHIEP relates to Total Physical Response teaching methods. In some sense, one is a mirror image of the other. TPR, very effective in what it does well, focuses for the most part on learners connecting up movement to words and concepts--in that order. HICP, on the other hand, foregrounds movement, ideally creating an experience for the learner where all dimensions of the word are integrated simultaneously, but pedagogically, beginning with movement and then "attaching" sounds, letters and meanings.

The best way to understand what we try to achieve, however, relates to the previous post on juggling and pronunciation. What juggling creates, in part, is a temporary state where some of the conscious executive and planning functions of the brain are at least distracted or taken partially offline (The point of Nike's famous "Just do it!"logo.) Many of those functions are located in the pre-frontal cortex of the brain. By tempering the need to control, monitor and regulate emotional receptivity in the awareness of the learner, we can often capture enough focussed attention to get a sound change registered and more likely to be remembered and recalled later. If you do haptic work, you are hereby commanded to use more TPR!